This meant atholics did not think . Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. 214 High Street, Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. By 1568 most people had accepted. 214 High Street, Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. 1558 -french threat. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. What were the causes of westward Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Company Reg no: 04489574. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Boston House, (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. West Yorkshire, The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Elizabeth I: a biography. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. - send 2000 to rebels. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Born: 7 September 1533. J. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . he could also overthrow her. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Boston Spa, No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Best Answer. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. . Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Boston Spa, At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Become a Member | Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. 14-16 / In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Company Reg no: 04489574. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. VAT reg no 816865400. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Company Reg no: 04489574. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. This increased tension between England and Spain. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Henry himself gave people cause . Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. LS23 6AD - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death.