spatial and temporal scale geography spatial and temporal scale geography

Once you have decided where you are going to focus your study, you need to think about the when. Abstract. 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 spatial or temporal magnitude of signicant events, but boundaries between those intervals have not been consis-tently dened, which could create some uncertainty for learners (Markowski and Richardson, 2010). Global-scale, of course, covers all of Earth. Throughout, we will focus on the spatial basis of society, its continual reorganization through time, and how various human and environmental problems can be usefully analyzed from a geographic perspective. Just remember, the further into the future or the past that you go, the less reliable your data will be. At Mount Allison, the Geography program explores courses in both human and physical geography, and is designed for students interested in the study of social sciences at various spatial and temporal scales. Spatiotemporal models arise when data are collected across time as well as space and has at least one spatial and one temporal property. 10 to the ninth meters, 10 to the eighth. These 3D time series are special because they contain both the temporal and spatial - ergo 4D - properties of surface changes, which can then be reviewed as in a time-lapse video. due in part to confusion surrounding the many meanings and uses of the term 'scale' in the contributing fields of geography, spatial statistics, landscape ecology, and . The spatial scale at which a system operates is an important factor in recognizing the system's key components, and in turn, the kind of management practices that may be appropriate. The city will have cars, factories, power plants, and other things that cause air pollution, and the air pollution will affect people who live in the city and breathe the air there. This would be the 'when' of your study. The John A. Dutton e-Education Institute is the learning design unit of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. Powerboats lie at their docks. Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission Nat Rev Neurosci. Joanne has taught middle school and high school science for more than ten years and has a master's degree in education. Commodity chains can be unique depending on the product types or the types of markets (agriculture versus textiles for example). 1. Entering our field of view is the glowing center of our solar system, the sun. We are in a domain of universal modules. The mapping of research domains by spatial and temporal scales in Fig. Temporal scales measures changes across time, and spatial scales measure changes across space. When air subsides, it contracts and experiences adiabatic warming. This is the temporal scale, or the time period of climate change. 3. In contrast, climate change largely exists at the global scale. Presentation Transcript. Geography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Human Geography, Physical Geography. Spatial and temporal scales can also be combined, known as a spatiotemporal scale, to show both sets of changes simultaneously. It's important to observe climate change - and many other important phenomena - at many scales so that we can fully understand what's going on. Another group of local winds is induced by the presence of mountain and valley features on Earths surface. 2. the extent of a ramifying structure such as an artery or nerve and its branches. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the concepts, terminology and methods related to analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in digital data. The spatial maps for water quality and water quantity regulation were quantified at sub-basin level . Now we mark a small part of the path in which the Earth moves about the sun. The concept of scale considers the typical size and lifetime of a phenomenon. The deforestation example highlights the important concept of globalization. Regions, however, vary considerably in size. Microclimate Overview, Causes & Examples | What is a Microclimate? An individual living in the Brazilian Amazon might decide to cut down a tree to collect firewood, to sell the wood, or to clear land for farming. The whole map, at this ratio, would encompass a typicalcountyin the United States. Because of the shorter time scale and because the other forces may be much larger, the effect of the Coriolis force in mesoscale phenomena is sometimes neglected. Now we reduce the distance to our final destination by 90% every 10 seconds. N>qJ.UE;2YMkh7-id Local-scale is a specific place with unique physical features such as climate, topography, and vegetation. Different phenomena are measured using different scales. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. It takes around 100,000 years for Earth's shifting orbit to alter the climate. If we only observed climate change at the global scale, we would miss this variation from one location to another. In general, when it comes to climate change, the smaller the spatial scale, the harder it is to make accurate predictions. Distribution/Logistics (ex. The nucleus within holds the heredity of the man in the coiled coils of DNA. * Cultural integration: Globalized tastes for food can lead people from around the world to desire food products that can be grown in Brazil. Large-scale wind systems are distinguished by the predominance of horizontal motions over vertical motions and by the preeminent importance of the Coriolis force in influencing wind characteristics. The integration can be economic, political, or cultural. As air ascends on the windward side of the mountain, its cooling rate may be moderated by heat that is released during the formation of precipitation. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. During the day, solar heating of the sunlit slopes causes the overlying air to move upslope. Maybe you are interested in the effect of carbon emissions in China. Spatial adjective. In a few seconds we'll be entering the skin, crossing layer after layer from the outermost dead cells into a tiny blood vessel within. In the case of climate change, a scientist or geographer would use a temporal scale to assess how much . Its precise definition is often debated by geographers, in part, because various subfields of geography use scale in different ways. For example, by convention international migration requires crossing a national boundary for an actual or intended period of at least . 10 to the 14th. Observed spatial or temporal patterns in ecological data may also be influenced by scale. Watershed restoration: principles and practices. It describes a phenomenon in a certain location and time for example, shipping movements across a geographic area over time (see above example image). In other words, where are you going to focus your study and during what time period? Creating a spatial data base frequently requires integrating data at different scales. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. 1B, there is a positive association between the temporal and spatial scales of observational units in studies documenting a climate-conflict link. You can even look back 200 million years and study climate change caused by galactic dust as our solar system travels through the galaxy. We found that observational scales were generally narrow, because ecologists still primarily use conventional field techniques. Spatial distribution refers to the set of geographic observations depicting the importance of the behavior of an extraordinary phenomenon or characteristic across different locations on the earth's surface. The Pennsylvania State University 2020. Spatial Analysis in Health Geography. In the case of climate change, a scientist or geographer would use a temporal scale to assess how much temperatures on Earth have increased in a given period. What is temporal scale in geography? For example, water pollution can occur at a small scale, such as a small creek, or at a large scale, such as the Chesapeake Bay. Our decisions and food choice are also linked to political and economic processes at multiple scales, but we need to think about the types of impacts our individual decisions have for the natural world. Unless held back by background wind conditions, this cold air will spill over into the lower elevations with speeds that vary from gentle (a few kilometres per hour) to intense (93 to 185 km [58 to 115 miles] per hour), depending on the incline of the slope of the terrain and the distribution of the background pressure field. When air is lifted, it enters a region of lower pressure and expands. Butchering, packaging and waste) leads to Are you going to look into the future? And as we pull away, we begin to see the great flat spiral facing us. Ricklefs and Schluter 1993 provided an edited collection of papers that showed how scale was first starting to be incorporated into local community ecology to allow for links with biogeography. Such convergence often induces local upward motions and cloud formations. Air over the cold plateau cools and forms a large dome of cold dense air. Many natural resources that are very common in one part of the world are almost nonexistent in . The course will discuss and analyze how patterns can be identified, measured and tested statistically through a series of lectures, hands-on exercises and student presentations. The distance a racing car can travel in 10 seconds. You can also look into the past. So, have you decided what your first project will be? And in 10 seconds, the next square will be 10 times as wide. These studies showed an important dependence of the results on the observational scale considered, i.e., spatial grain, sampling spacing, and extent. However, the decision to cut down the tree can be connected to other political, economic, cultural, and environmental processes that operate at national, regional and international scales. In general, spatial and temporal scales are related (e.g., Wilson cycles occur over long periods). Yet the relationship is not always . One of the basic assumptions of spatial theory is formulated in Waldo Tobler's first law of geography: "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." However, as internet space is a complex virtual space independent of the real world, whether this law is applicable to things in the internet space remains to be explored in depth. This chapter * Political integration: American environmental policies may limit the types or quantities of trees that can be imported from Brazil. A million meters. If you want to know what the climate around your creek looked like when dinosaurs walked there, you must rely on observations from the fossil record. Consider air pollution. Whats the Difference Between Weather and Climate. . Abstract The variability of the bottom sediment grain size was estimated at two sites located at 8.5 and 12.5 m depth across the Ebro Delta inner shelf from cores taken at the beginning and end of three one-month-long current meter + turbidimeter deployments. 4. Climate Variability in Time and Space Scale is everything. In the diagram, note the general tendency for systems at a larger spatial scale to . So if the ratio was 1:50,000one centimeter on the map would represent 50,000 centimeters (500 meters) in real life. Our journey has taken us through 40 powers of 10. A temporal scale is defined as a scale used to measure the change in a variable over time. on the map represents the second number of that same unit on Earth. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. HLUTWLbT1 Giant steps carry us into the outskirts of the galaxy. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe.It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union.Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of 357,022 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi), with a population of around 84 . This expansion is accompanied by a reduction of temperature (adiabatic cooling). Tomorrow? At 10 to the minus 2, one one-hundredth of a meter, one centimeter, we approach the surface of the hand. Check out products related to Geography, Travel and the Outdoors on Amazon:https://www.amazon.com/shop/darrongedgesgeographychannel (Paid Link)The location a. She or he will best know the preferred format. It is also known as a "timescale." Temperature patterns often exhibit strong spatial cohesion, and therefore, although the magnitude of the RR between . It enables the activation of receptor subsets that are within micrometre-scale domains of release sites during baseline activity and broader receptor activation with domain overlap when firing is synchronized . Electrons in every atom. Obviously, though, ecosystems and climates don't follow political boundaries. When you are deciding on the spatial scale of a study, you are focusing on a geographic region of climate change. You cannot download interactives. In the case of climate change, measuring the change in temperature in "degrees per year" or even "degrees per decade" are two examples of temporal scales. Glowing points are no longer single stars, but whole galaxies of stars seen as one. In focussing on a certain spatial scale, a scale linking approach to design would at least consider the next scale down of boundaries that define component parts, and the next scale up of the wider . For example, the change in temperature as late spring turns into summer might be measured in "degrees per day" while the changes in temperature from global warming might be measured in "degrees per year.". Where 29 2 Space, time, geography H COUCLELIS Specic notions of space and often also time underlie every GIS application. Click for a transcript of Powers of Ten video. Spatial and Temporal Scale and Climate Change Gangotri Glacier, Uttarkashi District of Garhwal Himalaya Over the last 25 years, Gangotri glacier has retreated more than 850 meters, with a recession of 76 meters from 1996 to 1999. This square is a kilometer wide, 1,000 meters. provides positive selection for) non-favoured mutants. Given that distribution patterns of biodiversity vary at different spatial and temporal scales While most feel globalization has not destroyed the uniqueness of specific places, forces promoting globalization often come into conflict with those focused on preserving local traditions. The scales at which ecosystems are observed play a critical role in shaping our understanding of their structure and function 1,2,3.Ecological patterns emerge from temporal and spatial domains . Four electrons make up the outer shell of the carbon itself. 6. For example, water pollution can occur at a small scale, such as a small creek, or at a large scale, such as the Chesapeake Bay. A commodity chain contains the links between the collection of resources to their transformation into goods or commodities and, finally, to their distribution to consumers. %PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 47 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 49 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 26 0 R /BaseFont /Helvetica-Condensed /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 333 250 500 500 833 667 250 333 333 500 500 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 500 500 500 500 800 556 556 556 611 500 444 611 611 278 444 556 500 778 611 611 556 611 611 556 500 611 556 833 556 556 500 333 250 333 500 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 222 222 444 222 778 500 500 500 500 333 444 278 500 444 667 444 444 389 274 250 274 500 250 556 556 556 500 611 611 611 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 222 222 222 222 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 500 500 500 333 440 500 800 800 750 333 333 250 833 611 250 500 250 250 500 500 250 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 667 500 500 333 500 250 500 250 250 500 500 1000 250 556 556 611 833 722 500 1000 389 389 222 222 500 250 444 556 167 500 278 278 500 500 500 250 222 389 1111 556 500 556 500 500 278 278 278 278 611 611 250 611 611 611 611 222 333 333 333 333 250 250 333 333 333 333 ] /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 28 0 R /BaseFont /Helvetica-Condensed-Bold /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 333 333 500 500 833 667 250 333 333 500 500 333 333 333 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 500 500 500 500 833 556 556 556 611 500 500 611 611 278 444 556 500 778 611 611 556 611 611 556 500 611 556 833 556 556 500 333 250 333 500 500 333 500 500 444 500 500 278 500 500 278 278 444 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 444 278 500 444 667 444 444 389 274 250 274 500 250 556 556 556 500 611 611 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 444 500 500 500 500 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 500 500 500 420 550 500 830 830 860 333 333 250 778 611 250 500 250 250 500 500 250 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 722 500 500 333 500 250 500 250 250 500 500 1000 250 556 556 611 833 722 500 1000 500 500 278 278 500 250 444 556 167 500 278 278 500 500 500 333 278 500 1111 556 500 556 500 500 278 278 278 278 611 611 250 611 611 611 611 278 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 ] /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 30 0 R /BaseFont /TimesNRMT /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 271 406 667 500 823 771 177 333 333 500 667 271 333 271 281 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 271 271 668 667 668 385 917 771 667 719 823 667 667 823 823 385 438 823 667 990 823 771 604 771 771 552 667 823 719 990 771 771 667 271 281 271 469 500 333 500 552 438 552 438 333 500 552 271 271 552 271 823 552 552 552 552 385 385 333 552 500 719 500 500 438 479 198 479 542 250 771 771 719 667 823 771 823 500 500 500 500 500 500 438 438 438 438 438 271 271 271 271 552 552 552 552 552 552 552 552 552 552 500 396 438 500 385 354 448 552 760 760 979 333 333 250 1000 771 250 667 250 250 500 521 250 250 250 250 250 313 344 250 667 552 385 271 667 250 500 250 250 500 500 1000 250 771 771 771 1000 719 500 1000 500 500 271 271 668 250 500 771 333 500 271 271 552 552 500 271 333 500 1000 771 667 771 667 667 385 385 385 385 771 771 250 771 823 823 823 271 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 ] /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Count 10 /Type /Pages /Kids [ 1 0 R 6 0 R 8 0 R 10 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 648 792 ] >> endobj 6 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 50 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 53 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 32 0 R /BaseFont /TimesNRMT-Italic /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 271 406 667 500 823 719 177 500 500 500 667 271 333 271 281 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 668 667 668 385 917 719 667 719 771 667 604 719 823 385 500 719 667 990 771 771 667 771 719 604 667 771 719 990 719 719 719 500 281 500 427 500 333 500 500 438 500 438 333 500 500 271 271 531 271 771 500 500 500 500 385 385 333 500 438 667 552 500 438 479 271 479 542 250 719 719 719 667 771 771 771 500 500 500 500 500 500 438 438 438 438 438 271 271 271 271 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 604 396 500 500 604 354 448 500 760 760 979 333 333 250 990 771 250 667 250 250 500 521 250 250 250 250 250 313 313 250 604 500 385 271 667 250 500 250 250 500 500 1000 250 719 719 771 1000 604 500 1000 500 500 271 271 668 250 500 719 239 500 333 333 552 552 604 271 333 500 1000 719 667 719 667 667 385 385 385 385 771 771 250 771 771 771 771 271 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 ] /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 8 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 54 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 55 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 9 0 obj << /LastChar 255 /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 24 0 R /BaseFont /Symbol /Widths [ 250 549 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 ] /Encoding 38 0 R /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /ToUnicode 39 0 R >> endobj 10 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 56 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 57 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 11 0 obj << /LastChar 255 /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 34 0 R /BaseFont /ZapfDingbats /Widths [ 278 791 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 ] /Encoding 40 0 R /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /ToUnicode 41 0 R >> endobj 12 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 58 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 60 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 13 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 61 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 62 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Subtype /Type1 /FontDescriptor 36 0 R /BaseFont /TimesNRMT-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 271 552 667 500 875 771 281 333 333 500 667 271 333 271 281 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 271 271 667 667 667 385 927 719 667 719 771 667 604 771 823 385 552 719 667 990 771 823 667 823 719 604 667 771 719 990 719 719 719 271 281 271 583 500 333 500 500 438 500 438 333 500 500 271 271 552 271 771 500 500 500 500 385 385 333 500 438 667 552 500 438 396 219 396 521 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 438 500 250 250 250 250 250 750 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 667 250 250 250 573 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 ] /Type /Font /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 15 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 63 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 64 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 16 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 65 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 66 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 17 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 65 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 67 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 18 0 obj << /CropBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /BleedBox [ 20 12 628 781 ] /TrimBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /MediaBox [ 56 48 592 745 ] /Resources 68 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Contents 69 0 R /Type /Page >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Gray 23 0 R /Blue 22 0 R /HalftoneType 5 /Default 23 0 R /Red 20 0 R /Magenta 21 0 R /Black 23 0 R /Yellow 22 0 R /Green 21 0 R /Cyan 20 0 R /Type /Halftone >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Angle 105 /Frequency 133 /HalftoneType 1 /SpotFunction /Round /Type /Halftone >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Angle 75 /Frequency 133 /HalftoneType 1 /SpotFunction /Round /Type /Halftone >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Angle 90 /Frequency 133 /HalftoneType 1 /SpotFunction /Round /Type /Halftone >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Angle 45 /Frequency 133 /HalftoneType 1 /SpotFunction /Round /Type /Halftone >> endobj 24 0 obj << /FontFile3 25 0 R /CapHeight 0 /Ascent 0 /Flags 4 /ItalicAngle 0 /Descent 0 /FontName /Symbol /FontBBox [ -180 -293 1090 1010 ] /StemH 92 /Type /FontDescriptor /StemV 85 >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Subtype /Type1C /Length 17132 >> stream