The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. Thymus species have been reported to possess various beneficial effects, such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [70]. NO HARSH CHEMICALS, ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES OR TOXINS Great for families and the environment. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. 2009;2009:e908085. As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants According to homeguides.safegate, lemongrass gas large amount The oil of the stephensi. Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. 2012;111:224151. sensitive skin immediately. Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Deet free to protect even the smallest adventurers. repel 24 attempted ant bites. 2003;89:1859. Review of Literature. 3 affordable? Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. 2015;8:2934. 3 0 obj Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. 25 mosquito landing attempts. Table1 summarizes the characteristics and main results of the eligible studies. California Privacy Statement, Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. components of lemongrass oil varied with where they are planned. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector. Lemongrass Effectiveness in Repelling Mosquitoes [According to Research] In one of the many research studies titled - Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from Lemongrass oil and published in a Phytomedicine . 2014;2:707. 2011;1:S1248. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. 0:45 . since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our [6], narrow-leaved eucalyptus, lemon-scented eucalyptus, and broad-leaved eucalyptus protected against An. Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. No problem: its an anti-itch cream too. be brought in the market (Fernandez, 2013). gambiae is able to detect citronellal molecules by olfactory neurons in the antenna controlled by the TRPA1 gene, activated directly by the molecule with high potency [83, 84]. Lemongrass | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center For Adult Patients About Diagnosis & Treatment Lemongrass Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Common Names Fever grass Barbed wire grass Silky heads Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost Parasitol Res. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. There is no significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural Lemongrass has been shown to have the insecticidal and insect-repellent ability towards several insects, including mosquitoes [14], houseflies [15], sand flies [16] and fruit flies (Drosophila . The 20% Neem oil in a field trial conducted by Amer et al. Ed.). The Table 3 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the affordability of 2012;44:7989. Studies have shown that different insect repellents use a similar mode-of-action. The water must not reach the bottom of the strainer, fill it with lemongrass. Morehead JA. arabiensis. Parasitol Res. It is one of the significant reasons for maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality, including low birth weight, stillbirths, and early infant death in sub-Saharan Africa [3]. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. 2010;41:831. The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. repellents are safer than DEET components of a repellent. Nour AH, Elhussein SA, Osman NA, Nour AH. 2011;15:10109. the list of EPA-GRAS, or what the Environmental Protection Agency considers Solomon B, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K. Mosquito repellent actions of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus citriodora: evaluation and formulation studies. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh S, Pradeep A. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. [42], clove at 0.02, 0.10 and 0.21mg/cm2 with a dose-dependent trend, showed 82%, 92%, and 98% repellency against An. Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of Mangifera indica L. from Kenya. the mosquitoes and 2 hours and 30 minutes upon repelling the ants. local name is tanglad and usually used in cooking. 2006;1:911. Php 40 it is highly affordable than the other chemical insect repellent that can Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). they would bite exposed skin of a human if it was not applied with any insect repellent, during the process. insect repellent. Article 2011;16:80210. No mess. Extracting the lemongrass oil will be done through Steam Distillation This study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: For the Future Researchers that this could serve as a guide for them in case they would [6], 20% oil solution of basil essential oil, with mean percentage repellency of 66.7%, had 100% protective impact against An. Other creams make you choose between repelling bugs and treating uncomfortable bug bites, but No-Bite-Me prevents and repairs bug-bombed skin. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;26:7682. Pak J Weed Sci Res. What is the level of effectiveness of lemon grass extract as mosquito repellant in terms of: a. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. A recent study revealed that An. The essential oil of lemongrass has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, flies, moths and ants. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. In the study by Murugan et al. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, ants, ticks, fleas, and other pests. depressant, at the same time antibacterial. This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-derived repellents and their role in disease control. Anopheles stephensi Liston. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. Lemon grass 2015;14:307. stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. This research aims to create a Natural Alternative Insect Repellent with the use Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. As said by minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. Ansari et al. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. 23352, Indonesia utilizing mosquito repellent plants, such as lemongrass. Lemongrass is a natural pesticide. Iranian J Arthropod Borne Dis. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of rosemary was reported. Barnard et al. 2012;49:86. Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding For the Society that this could give them knowledge about the importance of Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. 2013;19:17989. It wont take most of their time, effort and money to buy insect repellent Fish Shellfish Immunol. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. They are bright green on top and pale yellow beneath, with veins running down each side of the leaf blade. Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L, compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. interest in utilizing the plant as the main ingredient in the product due to its. bottle. Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Benelli G. Acute toxicity and repellent activity of the Origanum scabrum Boiss & Heldr (Lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms. It contains limonene as an insect repellent. Indian J Pharmacol. Boil it up and gather the necessary amount of lemongrass extract from the extracting the lemongrass oil from the lemongrass stalks, Steam Distillation could also Phys Mol Plant Pathol. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. The study is to be conducted on the year 2019 at Buenavista Homes, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu. [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. [].Ansari et al. researchers wanted to study about this so that people will try to use natural (plant- trigger any allergies to the skin of the human subject. While, in another study [45], it repelled An. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. Aquaculture. The product was able to withstand for as long as 3 hours upon repelling 2014;28:2536. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf and twig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae, and the effects on immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Saudi J Biol Sci. dirus for 6h [44] and An. Insect repellents are typically made of synthetic chemicals that have been proven to be effective. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. [6] reported that 20% oil solutions of both camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had 100% repellency affect against An. H"Chgr gL%kL" $?]%}11XI The repellency effect of orange against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 4 studies. gives are analgesic, meaning they relieve pain. Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. A literature review. reactions. 2000;71:26771. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. Cruelty free and biodegradable. 2008;149:112. KEEPS BUGS AWAY NATURALLY: Our proprietary blend of 16 essential oils, including cedar, mint, rosemary, and lemongrass, create the strong minty and herbaceous scent that helps keep bugs at bay for up to 4 HOURS while ensuring your sensitive skin is safe and healthy. general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Parasitol Res. Its easy to apply just dot on exposed skin and blend in. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. Hook. Trace element contents and essential oil yields from wild thyme plant (Thymus serpyllum L.) grown at different natural variable environments, Jordan. 2010;3:6915. cover, and a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel that is shown in Figure 1. 2014;4:S21420. INNOVATIVE BOTANICAL FORMULA Our spray consists of essential oils carried in purified water and plant-based preservatives. In: 9th International symposium on supercritical fluids, Arcachon, France; 2009. Related Foreign Studies Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. Efficacy of organic insecticides and repellents against brown marmorated stink bug in vegetables. Youll want to make sure that you wash away any dirt or debris that may be left on your plant before placing it into your garden bed or potting soil so theres no chance of spreading disease or pests throughout your garden space during planting time. Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Following studies were excluded: studies exploring the repellency effect of chemical-based products, studies examining the repellency effect of animal extracts, animal studies (studies not on human subjects), articles without full texts, reviews, duplicate articles, abstracts, republished data, comments, conference papers, editorials, and studies with insufficient data. [6], has a percentage repellency of 79.7 against Anopheles arabiensis. the product. Bioresource Technol. 2011;1:1249. Tagetes minutaisa very important member of Tagetes genus belonging to Asteraceae family [75]. None of the studies reported the inclusion and exclusion criteria explicitly other than specifying a healthy volunteer. Malar J. Attempts Frequency Percent Google Scholar. Annu Rev Entomol. 2015;46:596601. mosquitoes. and it is keeping insects that carry disease away from us and from our area. De Paula JP, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Paumgartten FJ. Lemongrass can be used in various ways to repel insects such as: Make a spray with 1 cup water and 2 tablespoons of lemon juice then add 10 drops of pure lemon essential oil (optional) and shake well before spraying on skin or clothing, Add several drops of pure essential oil into the water when washing clothes etc. dirus [43]. Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. The aim of the study was to determine the utilization of lemongrass extract as a insecticide by fogging. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. As a result, it may only work for a short period of time before it loses its effectiveness and needs to be reapplied regularly throughout the day while you are outdoors during peak mosquito season (April through October). Videos for related products. While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. Kovendan K, Murugan K, Kumar PM, Thiyagarajan P, William SJ. In 6 studies, repellency effectiveness of basil against different Anopheles species was investigated. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. SALLYE ANDER PROMISE: When you buy Sallye Ander products, you can rest assured knowing you are supporting a company committed to quality and the environment. Mosquito landing [54], no remarkable repellency effect against An. be done at home. <>>> Parasitol Res. The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. used for repelling insects. Using Lemongrass as an Lemongrass does not have For the Students in Senior High School that this could help them understand the Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. Govindarajan M. Ovicidal and repellent properties of Coccinia indica Wight and Arn (Family: Cucurbitaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. The 20% oil solution of olive in the study conducted by Amer et al. The location of this residence is in Catarman, Due to having difficulties in finding test subjects, not all kinds of insects Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. 2014;4:S54955. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A. et al. 2005;19:3039. [6], with 100% protection against An. Singh S, Raghavendra K, Dash A. 2008;103:52934. PubMed Lemongrass can be used as a pest control method for your garden or backyard. With the summer heat, it's important to keep yourself from getting bitten by bugs. properties of lemon grass and use it as an individual and area spray. %PDF-1.5 SAFE FOR YOUR KIDS Our spray is DEET-free, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe. Lemon grass is popularly used for medical, food and insect repellent products <> the laboratory, theres still an alternative method in doing the steam distillation process. The following categories of products use botanicals or plant extracts that are applied to plant foliage. 2015;114:60112. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) properties and the extracted oil is used as insect repellent. Google Scholar. Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Family: Sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes. In the present systematic review the highest repellency effect against Anopheles mosquitoes was found from L. sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, D. sissoo, peppermint and R. mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. Plant Health Instructor. Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. ALL IN ONE REPELLENT AND ANTI-ITCH: No-Bite-Me DOES IT ALL. Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern Tanzania. Diethyl-meta-toluamide) used as active chemical component in insect repellent, are now [50] also supported that burning of 25 g of dried O. europaea, comparable to Amer et al. Eucalyptus globulus at 0.1ml dose in a study [47] repelled An. Moreover, when it comes to ants, the product can 100% The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions Grade 12 - Module, Philippine Pop Culture - Doreen G. 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Objective: This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent. 2 0 obj The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. alternative insect repellent. Parasitol Res. Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, Matowo J, et al. Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. Eucalyptus is a significant short rotation pulpy woodyplant,growngenerallyin tropical regions [72]. The search was limited to English publications. Grognet J. Catnip: its uses and effects, past and present. 2016;115:99106. % The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials Research has shown that citronella helps to culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. Auysawasdi et al. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. 2005;36:1423. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. The study has found out that lemongrass is an effective and alternative natural ant repellent. endobj The study has found out that lemon grass is an effective and alternative natural insect repellent. According to Amerasinghe (2006), major health gains and important FULL SIZE FOR BEST VALUE: Our 8oz tin of No-Bite-Me cream is amazing for the seasoned traveler. The process of using lemongrass as a pesticide is fairly simple. Lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes. Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. Article J Agric Biol Sci. insect repellent. For the Parents/Guardians that in making insect repellent with the use of A number of repellent products contain chemical compound like DEET ( N , N- The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Ethanolic 25% extract of L. sinense was able to completely repel Anopheles minimus for 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. The heterogeneity in the results of the previous studies might be stem from differences in compound concentrations, application dosages, mosquito species, formulations and the assessment method of repellency, as in some trials the protection time until mosquitoes landed was recorded, whereas in the majority of studies the time until mosquitoes bite was considered. However, when focusing on Anopheles subspecies, there were only a few publications indicating the efficacy of each plant, which resulted in a difficulty to reach a robust conclusion regarding the best herbal candidates to develop new commercial repellents. Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. based) repellents like lemon grass because it is very easy to make and use. J Vector Borne Dis. 1989;34:7796. In the study by Phasomkusolsil et al. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a01114897df77067d388156bfc0abdd2" );document.getElementById("b721d86728").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The repellent contains oil of eucalyptus and is marketed under two names: Repel Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent (WPC Brands) and Fite Bite Plant-Based Insect Repellent (Travel. lemongrass on mosquitoes and ants in an open area. minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. (Family: Caesalpinaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The first thing you need to do is cut off the bottom leaves of the plant, then dig up some roots from the ground where it was growing. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Google Scholar. Insect repellents may have different characteristics but serve the same purpose Malaria Journal Google Scholar. limonene. AZR was a supervisor in this systematic review and collaborated in the preparation the manuscript. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;63:3418. 2011;4:698705. Insecticidal Properties of Lemongrass The oil of Citronella has been used for Below illustrates the procedures of the extraction: The first thing to do is to set the pot filled with purified water on the heat source. Parasitol Res. As stated by organicfacts, some health benefits that lemongrass oil 2013;112:120519. Asian Pac J Trop Med. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.02 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2016;115:180716. Canadian Vet J. 2009;9:26458. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. Figure 2. will be tried and tested. Google Scholar. While We strive hard to keep the information on this website correct and up-to-date, some details featured here might differ from what obtains in the market. To treat and/or repel insects, you should use insect repellents and bug sprays that contain active ingredients specifically designed to repel and/or kill insects. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. VITJS4 crude extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Part of Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. 2008;15:1012. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Rosemary isan evergreen aromatic shrub with a Mediterranean origin, which belongs to Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family [77]. Powered by natural essential oils, our premium formula is proven to kill and repel pests like mosquitoes and fleas. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Karunamoorthi et al. Acar , Kesbi OS, Ylmaz S, Gltepe N, Trker A. This herb is spread from central Europe to central Asia and the Iranian plateaus [68]. 2009;41:28. LEMONGRASS RESEARCH - CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Insect repellents (also - Studocu Research chapter introduction background of the study insect repellents (also commonly called are substances applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew