Fascism, political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East. ‘So, fascism essentially meant the Mussolini movement's adoption of the fasces as the symbol of what became known as the Fascist movement.’ ‘After 1792 the trappings of Roman republicanism became fashionable, with fasces and axes; and stern ancient patriots like Brutus, Scaevola, and Cato, familiar to all men of education, were much invoked.’ 1. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] You use fascist to describe organizations, ideas, or systems which follow the principles of fascism....an upsurge of support for extreme rightist, nationalist and fascist organisations....the threatening nature of fascist ideology. Griffin (Routeledge) 2003, pp. [113] Benito Mussolini upon being expelled from his position as chief editor of the PSI's newspaper Avanti! [237] Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations, races and societies. Westport, Connecticut, US: Praeger Publishers, 2001. p. 73, Kevin Passmore, Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe, p. 116. The term neo-fascism refers to fascist movements after World War II. fascism in Europe and created the first relatively big fascist state in the "modern" meaning, who was an immediate forerunner also of Hitler-fascism in Germany. [154], The Nazis in Germany employed similar anti-clerical policies. [68] Then the new Fascist government proposed the creation of workers' councils and profit-sharing in industry, although the German authorities, who effectively controlled northern Italy at this point, ignored these measures and did not seek to enforce them. [118] He believed that the "Spirit of 1914" manifested itself in the concept of the "People's League of National Socialism". On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000. p. 60. The advent of total war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. [12] The extreme authoritarianism and nationalism of fascism often manifests a belief in racial "purity" or a "master race", usually synthesized with some variant of racism or bigotry of a demonized other; the idea of "purity" has motivated fascist regimes to commit massacres, forced sterilizations, genocides, mass killings or forced deportations against a perceived other. [97] He claims that the organized nature of the organized minority makes it irresistible to any individual of the disorganized majority. Despite fascist movements' history of anti-communism, communist states have sometimes been referred to as "fascist", typically as an insult. [85] Julian Dierkes sees fascism as a 'particularly violent form of imperialism'. 75–81. He distinguishes an inter-war period in which it manifested itself in elite-led but populist "armed party" politics opposing socialism and liberalism and promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence. [226] Fascism denounced Marxism for its advocacy of materialist internationalist class identity, which fascists regarded as an attack upon the emotional and spiritual bonds of the nation and a threat to the achievement of genuine national solidarity.[227]. [145] Victor Emmanuel III decided to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy and Mussolini arrived in Rome on 30 October to accept the appointment. [92] New theories of social and political psychology also rejected the notion of human behaviour being governed by rational choice and instead claimed that emotion was more influential in political issues than reason. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. Thus populism can be found as an aspect of many specific ideologies, without necessarily being a defining characteristic of those ideologies. Routledge, 1998. p. 121. [70], The term "fascist" has been used as a pejorative,[71] regarding varying movements across the far right of the political spectrum. [232] Thus, Nazi programs such as the Winter Relief of the German People and the broader National Socialist People's Welfare (NSV) were organized as quasi-private institutions, officially relying on private donations from Germans to help others of their race—although in practice those who refused to donate could face severe consequences. فسطائیت. fascismo Fascism fascista. [182] In 1939, Germany prepared for war with Poland, but attempted to gain territorial concessions from Poland through diplomatic means. It's a bird? [263], In Italy, such modernist influence was exemplified by Marinetti who advocated a palingenetic modernist society that condemned liberal-bourgeois values of tradition and psychology, while promoting a technological-martial religion of national renewal that emphasized militant nationalism. [108] [181], From 1935 to 1939, Germany and Italy escalated their demands for territorial claims and greater influence in world affairs. The Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, a state-operated holding company in charge of bankrupt banks and companies, reported in early 1934 that they held assets of "48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy", which later included the capital of the banks themselves. They believed that humans are naturally predatory, and that nations are in a constant struggle in which only the strongest would survive.[109]. [7][8], Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete and regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, The Soldier, The Fascist. [93] Bergson's claim of the existence of an "élan vital" or vital instinct centred upon free choice and rejected the processes of materialism and determinism; this challenged Marxism. [4][5] Such scholarship focuses on its social conservatism and its authoritarian means of opposing egalitarianism. One common definition of the term, frequently cited by reliable sources as a standard definition, is that of historian Stanley G. Payne. [214] Instead, it viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in conflict with parasitic elements in society including: corrupt political parties, corrupt financial capital and feeble people. [9] Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views imperialism, political violence and war as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. [24] Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements: for example, the Falange symbol is five arrows joined together by a yoke. [28][29], According to many scholars, fascism – especially once in power – has historically attacked communism, conservatism, and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right.[30]. It has auto-suggestion feature which will save you a lot of time getting any meaning. It's a plane? A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war. [223] Economic planning was applied to both the public and private sector and the prosperity of private enterprise depended on its acceptance of synchronizing itself with the economic goals of the state. [197] Fascism seeks to solve economic, political and social problems by achieving a millenarian national rebirth, exalting the nation or race above all else and promoting cults of unity, strength and purity. [67] Upon accommodating the political right, there arose a group of monarchist fascists who sought to use fascism to create an absolute monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. [22][23], The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. [132] Many Fascists saw the Charter of Carnaro as an ideal constitution for a Fascist Italy. Historian Robert Soucy stated that "Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a Volksgemeinschaft, a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk. Edition of 1999. "Fascist Modernism" by Jobst Welge. [157], The Fascist regime created a corporatist economic system in 1925 with creation of the Palazzo Vidoni Pact, in which the Italian employers' association Confindustria and Fascist trade unions agreed to recognize each other as the sole representatives of Italy's employers and employees, excluding non-Fascist trade unions. Routledge, 2004. p. 231. [144] King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy perceived the risk of bloodshed in Rome in response to attempting to disperse the Fascists to be too high. Delivered to your inbox! [284] After the tension in German-Italian relations diminished during the late 1930s, Italian fascism sought to harmonize its ideology with German Nazism and combined Nordicist and Mediterranean racial theories, noting that Italians were members of the Aryan Race, composed of a mixed Nordic-Mediterranean subtype. [56], Fascism's origins, however, are complex and include many seemingly contradictory viewpoints, ultimately centered around a mythos of national rebirth from decadence. Steve Bastow, James Martin. Translation for 'fascism' in the free English-Finnish dictionary and many other Finnish translations. However, Mussolini did not introduce the word fascista (plural fascisti) with the 1919 organization of the Fasci di combattimento (“combat groups”), nor did the fasces have any direct connection with the origin of fascista. John Pollard. 39–41. Duke University Press, 2007. p. 81. The "Fascist left" included Michele Bianchi, Giuseppe Bottai, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Sergio Panunzio, and Edmondo Rossoni, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people. [98] He claimed that a powerful monarch was a personified sovereign who could exercise authority to unite a nation's people. Douglas R. Holmes. [4], Most scholars place fascism on the far right of the political spectrum. Fascism: The nature of fascism. Each different group described as fascist has at least some unique elements, and many definitions of fascism have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow. 1935. The Fascist militia was placed under military control. [195] Robert Paxton argues that "a passionate nationalism" is the basis of fascism, combined with "a conspiratorial and Manichean view of history" which holds that "the chosen people have been weakened by political parties, social classes, unassimilable minorities, spoiled rentiers, and rationalist thinkers". [251] In 1935, Nazi Germany expanded the legality of abortion by amending its eugenics law, to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders. In 1936, Germany remilitarized the industrial Rhineland, a region that had been ordered demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. The Fascists met little serious resistance from authorities and proceeded to take over several northern Italian cities. [106] Corradini spoke of the need for a nationalist-syndicalist movement, led by elitist aristocrats and anti-democrats who shared a revolutionary syndicalist commitment to direct action and a willingness to fight. [142], Beginning in 1922, Fascist paramilitaries escalated their strategy from one of attacking socialist offices and the homes of socialist leadership figures, to one of violent occupation of cities. Übersetzungen im Wörterbuch Deutsch - Englisch. [44][198][199][200][201] European fascist movements typically espouse a racist conception of non-Europeans being inferior to Europeans. [217] While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it was held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in national conflict between proletarian nations versus bourgeois nations. [141] After Fascism's accommodation of the political right, the Fascist movement's membership soared to approximately 250,000 by 1921. [87][88] The theme was based on a revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and democracy. [243] Fascist Italy promoted what it considered normal sexual behaviour in youth while denouncing what it considered deviant sexual behaviour. noun (sometimes capital) 1. any ideology or movement inspired by Italian Fascism, such as German National Socialism; any right-wing nationalist ideology or movement with an authoritarian and hierarchical structure that is fundamentally opposed to democracy and liberalism 2. John Breuilly. Giuseppe Caforio. [37] Griffin describes the ideology as having three core components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism, and (iii) the myth of decadence". [203] It opposes liberal democracy, rejects multi-party systems and may support a one-party state so that it may synthesize with the nation. Government officials eventually found it necessary to place "Nazis into editorial positions in the Catholic press". The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries. [17] This was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. [143] The Fascists managed to seize control of several post offices and trains in northern Italy while the Italian government, led by a left-wing coalition, was internally divided and unable to respond to the Fascist advances. [194], Ultranationalism, combined with the myth of national rebirth, is a key foundation of fascism. Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an 'Ideal Fatherland'", Sauer, Wolfgang "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?" [258], Fascism emphasizes both palingenesis (national rebirth or re-creation) and modernism. Robert Millward. Historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. [118] According to Plenge, the "ideas of 1789"—such as the rights of man, democracy, individualism and liberalism—were being rejected in favor of "the ideas of 1914" that included "German values" of duty, discipline, law and order. p. 294. Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force". In Italy, the Italian Social Movement led by Giorgio Almirante was a major neo-fascist movement that transformed itself into a self-described "post-fascist" movement called the National Alliance (AN), which has been an ally of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia for a decade. Instead, claiming that Italians were a superior race to African races and thereby had the right to colonize the "inferior" Africans, it sought to settle 10 to 15 million Italians in Libya. The Fascists presented themselves as anti-Marxists and as opposed to the Marxists. In 1920, militant strike activity by industrial workers reached its peak in Italy and 1919 and 1920 were known as the "Red Years". According to Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini's own account, the Fasces of Revolutionary Action were founded in Italy in 1915. Fascism (/ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism[1][2] characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy[3] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. In 1941, the Axis campaign spread to the Soviet Union after Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa. Everyday words, confused every single day. [277] By 1902, Mussolini was studying Georges Sorel, Nietzsche and Vilfredo Pareto. [195] Fascism promotes the regeneration of the nation and purging it of decadence. [237] This emphasis on the use of political violence means that most fascist parties have also created their own private militias (e.g. Non-Aryans were excluded, as well as the "work-shy", "asocials" and the "hereditarily ill."[234] Under these conditions, by 1939, over 17 million Germans had obtained assistance from the NSV, and the agency "projected a powerful image of caring and support" for "those who were judged to have got into difficulties through no fault of their own. Shortly afterwards, Germany surrendered and the Nazi regime was systematically dismantled by the occupying Allied powers. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders ... nor was a major new police elite created. 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